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The Art of War by Sun Tzu the Oldest Military Treatise in the World

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Ancient Chinese military treatise by Sun Tzu

The Art of War
Bamboo book - closed - UCR.jpg
Author (trad.) Sun Tzu
Land China
Language Classical Chinese
Subject Military art

Publication appointment

 5th century BC
Text The Art of War at Wikisource
The Art of War
Traditional Chinese 孫子兵法
Simplified Chinese 孙子兵法
Literal meaning "Master Sun'due south War machine Methods"

The Art of War (Chinese: 孫子兵法) is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Late Spring and Autumn Period (roughly 5th century BC). The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese war machine strategist Sun Tzu ("Chief Sun"), is composed of 13 chapters. Each i is devoted to a unlike set of skills (or "art") related to warfare and how information technology applies to military strategy and tactics. For well-nigh i,500 years information technology was the atomic number 82 text in an anthology that was formalized as the Seven Military Classics by Emperor Shenzong of Vocal in 1080. The Art of War remains the most influential strategy text in Eastward Asian warfare[1] and has influenced both Far Eastern and Western armed forces thinking, business tactics, legal strategy, lifestyles and beyond.

The book contains a detailed explanation and assay of the 5th-century BC Chinese military, from weapons and strategy to rank and bailiwick. Sun as well stressed the importance of intelligence operatives and espionage to the state of war effort. Considered one of history'due south finest war machine tacticians and analysts, his teachings and strategies formed the footing of advanced military grooming for millennia to come up.

The book was translated into French and published in 1772 (re-published in 1782) by the French Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot. A fractional translation into English was attempted by British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop in 1905 under the title The Book of State of war. The first annotated English translation was completed and published by Lionel Giles in 1910.[ii] War machine and political leaders such as the Chinese communist revolutionary Mao Zedong, Japanese daimyō Takeda Shingen, Vietnamese general Võ Nguyên Giáp, and American military general Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. are all cited as having drawn inspiration from the volume.[ citation needed ]

History [edit]

Text and commentaries [edit]

The Fine art of War is traditionally attributed to an ancient Chinese war machine general known as Dominicus Tzu (now Romanized "Sunzi") meaning "Master Sun". Sun Tzu was traditionally said to accept lived in the 6th century BC, simply The Art of War 's earliest parts probably engagement to at least 100 years subsequently.[3]

Sima Qian'due south Records of the Thousand Historian, the start of Cathay'south 24 dynastic histories, records an early Chinese tradition that a text on armed services matters was written by one "Dominicus Wu" ( 孫武 ) from the State of Qi, and that this text had been read and studied by King Helü of Wu ( r. 514 BC – 495 BC).[iv] This text was traditionally identified with the received Master Lord's day's Art of War. The conventional view was that Sun Wu was a military theorist from the end of the Spring and Autumn period (776–471 BC) who fled his home state of Qi to the southeastern kingdom of Wu, where he is said to have impressed the king with his power to railroad train fifty-fifty "overnice palace ladies" in warfare and to have made Wu's armies powerful enough to challenge their western rivals in the state of Chu. This view is however widely held in Red china.[5]

The strategist, poet, and warlord Cao Cao in the early third century AD authored the earliest known commentary to the Fine art of War.[4] Cao'southward preface makes clear that he edited the text and removed sure passages, but the extent of his changes were unclear historically.[iv] The Fine art of War appears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories, only listings of its divisions and size varied widely.[four]

[edit]

Beginning around the 12th century, some Chinese scholars began to dubiousness the historical being of Sun Tzu, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical archetype The Commentary of Zuo (Zuo Zhuan), which mentions nearly of the notable figures from the Spring and Autumn period.[four] The name "Sun Wu" ( 孫武 ) does non appear in whatsoever text prior to the Records of the Grand Historian,[6] and has been suspected to be a made-up descriptive cognomen meaning "the fugitive warrior": the surname "Sun" is glossed equally the related term "fugitive" ( xùn , 遜 ), while "Wu" is the ancient Chinese virtue of "martial, valiant" ( wǔ , 武 ), which corresponds to Sunzi'southward office as the hero'south doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu.[7] In the early 20th century, the Chinese writer and reformer Liang Qichao theorized that the text was actually written in the 4th century BC by Lord's day Tzu's purported descendant Lord's day Bin, as a number of historical sources mention a armed forces treatise he wrote.[4] Different Sun Wu, Lord's day Bin appears to have been an actual person who was a 18-carat authority on war machine matters, and may accept been the inspiration for the creation of the historical figure "Lord's day Tzu" through a form of euhemerism.[seven]

In 1972, the Yinqueshan Han slips were discovered in two Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) tombs about the metropolis of Linyi in Shandong Province.[8] Among the many bamboo slip writings independent in the tombs, which had been sealed between 134 and 118  BC, respectively were ii separate texts, i attributed to "Lord's day Tzu", corresponding to the received text, and another attributed to Lord's day Bin, which explains and expands upon the earlier The Art of War by Sunzi.[nine] The Sun Bin text'southward material overlaps with much of the "Lord's day Tzu" text, and the two may be "a unmarried, continuously developing intellectual tradition united under the Sunday proper noun".[10] This discovery showed that much of the historical confusion was due to the fact that there were two texts that could have been referred to as "Principal Sunday'south Fine art of War", not one.[nine] The content of the earlier text is nearly one-third of the chapters of the mod The Art of War, and their text matches very closely.[viii] It is now by and large accepted that the before The Fine art of War was completed former between 500 and 430 BC.[9]

The xiii capacity [edit]

The Art of War is divided into 13 chapters (or piān ); the drove is referred to as being one zhuàn ("whole" or alternatively "relate").

The Art of War chapter names and contents
Chapter Lionel Giles (1910)[xi] R. L. Fly (1988) Ralph D. Sawyer (1996) Chow-Hou Wee (2003) Michael Nylan (2020) Contents
I Laying Plans The Calculations Initial Estimations
  • Item Assessment and Planning
  • (Chinese: 始計)
 First Calculations Explores the five fundamental factors (the Style, seasons, terrain, leadership, and management) and seven elements that make up one's mind the outcomes of armed forces engagements. Past thinking, assessing and comparison these points, a commander can calculate his chances of victory. Habitual divergence from these calculations will ensure failure via improper action. The text stresses that war is a very grave matter for the country and must not be commenced without due consideration.
II Waging War The Challenge Waging War
  • Waging State of war
  • (Chinese: 作戰)
 Initiating Battle Explains how to understand the economy of warfare and how success requires winning decisive engagements chop-chop. This section advises that successful military campaigns crave limiting the cost of competition and disharmonize.
III Attack by Stratagem The Plan of Set on Planning Offensives
  • Strategic Attack
  • (Chinese: 謀攻)
 Planning an Assail Defines the source of strength as unity, not size, and discusses the 5 factors that are needed to succeed in any war. In club of importance, these critical factors are: Attack, Strategy, Alliances, Army and Cities.
Iv Tactical Dispositions Positioning Military Disposition
  • Disposition of the Army
  • (Chinese: 軍形)
 Forms to Perceive Explains the importance of defending existing positions until a commander is capable of advancing from those positions in safe. Information technology teaches commanders the importance of recognizing strategic opportunities, and teaches not to create opportunities for the enemy.
Five Use of Free energy Directing Strategic Armed services Power
  • Forces
  • (Chinese: 兵勢)
 The Disposition of Power Explains the use of creativity and timing in edifice an army'due south momentum.
VI Weak Points and Potent Illusion and Reality Vacuity and Substance
  • Weaknesses and Strengths
  • (Chinese: 虛實)
 Weak and Strong Explains how an army's opportunities come from the openings in the environment caused past the relative weakness of the enemy and how to respond to changes in the fluid battleground over a given area.
7 Maneuvering an Army Engaging The Force Military Combat
  • Armed services Maneuvers
  • (Chinese: 軍爭)
 Contending Armies Explains the dangers of straight conflict and how to win those confrontations when they are forced upon the commander.
VIII Variation of Tactics The Nine Variations Nine Changes
  • Variations and Adaptability
  • (Chinese: 九變)
 9 Contingencies Focuses on the need for flexibility in an army'southward responses. It explains how to respond to shifting circumstances successfully.
Ix The Ground forces on the March Moving The Force Maneuvering the Army
  • Motion and Development of Troops
  • (Chinese: 行軍)
 Fielding the Regular army Describes the dissimilar situations in which an army finds itself as information technology moves through new enemy territories, and how to answer to these situations. Much of this section focuses on evaluating the intentions of others.
10 Nomenclature of Terrain Situational Positioning Configurations of Terrain
  • Terrain
  • (Chinese: 地形)
 Conformations of the Lands Looks at the 3 general areas of resistance (distance, dangers and barriers) and the half-dozen types of basis positions that ascend from them. Each of these six field positions offers certain advantages and disadvantages.
XI The Nine Situations The 9 Situations Nine Terrains
  • The 9 Battlegrounds
  • (Chinese: 九地)
 9 Kinds of Ground Describes the nine common situations (or stages) in a campaign, from handful to deadly, and the specific focus that a commander volition demand in lodge to successfully navigate them.
XII Assail by Fire The Fiery Attack Incendiary Attacks
  • Attacking with Burn down
  • (Chinese: 火攻)
 Attacks with Fire Explains the general use of weapons and the specific employ of the environment every bit a weapon. This department examines the 5 targets for attack, the v types of ecology assault and the appropriate responses to such attacks.
Xiii Use of Spies The Use of Intelligence Employing Spies
  • Intelligence and Espionage
  • (Chinese: 用間)
 Using Spies Focuses on the importance of developing good information sources, and specifies the five types of intelligence sources and how to best manage each of them.

Cultural influence [edit]

Military machine and intelligence applications [edit]

Across East asia, The Art of War was part of the syllabus for potential candidates of war machine service examinations.

During the Sengoku period (c.  1467–1568), the Japanese daimyō Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) is said to have become well-nigh invincible in all battles without relying on guns, because he studied The Art of War.[12] The book fifty-fifty gave him the inspiration for his famous battle standard "Fūrinkazan" (Wind, Forest, Fire and Mountain), meaning fast as the wind, silent as a forest, ferocious equally fire and immovable every bit a mountain.

The translator Samuel B. Griffith offers a chapter on "Sunday Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" where The Art of State of war is cited as influencing Mao'southward On Guerrilla Warfare, On the Protracted State of war and Strategic Issues of China'due south Revolutionary War, and includes Mao's quote: "We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of aboriginal Communist china, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and yous can fight a thou battles without disaster.'"[12]

During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers extensively studied The Fine art of War and reportedly could recite entire passages from retentivity. General Võ Nguyên Giáp successfully implemented tactics described in The Fine art of State of war during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ending major French interest in Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into Northward and South. General Võ, later the principal PVA military machine commander in the Vietnam War, was an avid student and practitioner of Sun Tzu's ideas.[13] America's defeat there, more than any other event, brought Dominicus Tzu to the attention of leaders of U.South. armed services theory.[13] [14] [15]

The Section of the Ground forces in the Us, through its Command and Full general Staff College, lists The Art of State of war as one case of a volume that may be kept at a military unit's library.[16]

The Art of War is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program (formerly known as the Commandant'southward Reading List). It is recommended reading for all United States Armed services Intelligence personnel.[17]

The Art of War is used as instructional fabric at the US War machine Academy at Due west Signal, in the form Armed services Strategy (470),[xviii] and it is also recommended reading for Officer cadets at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst. Some notable military leaders have stated the post-obit well-nigh Lord's day Tzu and The Art of War:

"I e'er kept a copy of The Art of War on my desk."[19] – General Douglas MacArthur, five Star General & Supreme Commander for the Centrolineal Powers.

"I accept read The Art of War by Sun Tzu. He continues to influence both soldiers & politicians."[xx] – General Colin Powell, Chairman of the Articulation Chiefs of Staff, National Security Counselor, and Secretarial assistant of State.

According to some authors, the strategy of deception from The Art of War was studied and widely used by the KGB: "I volition forcefulness the enemy to take our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will plow his strength into weakness".[21] The volume is widely cited by KGB officers in accuse of disinformation operations in Vladimir Volkoff'due south novel Le Montage.

Finnish Field Align Mannerheim and general Aksel Airo were avid readers of Art of State of war; Airo kept the book on his bedside table in his quarters.[ citation needed ]

Application outside the military [edit]

The Art of War has been applied to many fields outside of the military. Much of the text is about how to outsmart one's opponent without actually having to engage in physical boxing. As such, it has institute application every bit a training guide for many competitive endeavors that exercise not involve bodily gainsay.

The Art of War is mentioned as an influence in the earliest known Chinese collection of stories about fraud (by and large in the realm of commerce), Zhang Yingyu's The Book of Swindles ( Du pian xin shu , 杜騙新書 , c.  1617), which dates to the late Ming dynasty.[22]

Many concern books take applied the lessons taken from the book to office politics and corporate business organisation strategy.[23] [24] [25] Many Japanese companies brand the book required reading for their cardinal executives.[26] The volume is also pop among Western business circles citing its utilitarian values regarding management practices. Many entrepreneurs and corporate executives have turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business situations. The volume has also been applied to the field of instruction.[27]

The Art of War has been the subject of legal books[28] and legal articles on the trial process, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy.[29] [30] [31] [32]

The book The 48 Laws of Power past Robert Greene employs philosophies covered in The Art of War.[33]

The Art of War has as well been applied in sports. National Football game League coach Bill Belichick, record holder of the most Super Basin wins in history, has stated on multiple occasions his admiration for The Art of War.[34] [35] Brazilian association football game coach Luiz Felipe Scolari actively used The Art of War for Brazil's successful 2002 World Cup entrada. During the tournament Scolari put passages of The Fine art of State of war underneath his players' doors in the night.[36] [37]

The Art of State of war is frequently quoted while developing tactics and/or strategy in esports. "Play To Win" by David Sirlin analyses applications of the ideas from The Art of War in modernistic esports. The Art of War was released in 2014 as an e-book companion alongside the Fine art of War DLC for Europa Universalis Iv, a PC strategy game past Paradox Development Studios, with a foreword by Thomas Johansson.

Pic and television [edit]

The Art of War and Lord's day Tzu have been referenced and quoted in many movies and television shows, including In the 1987 movie Wall Street, Gordon Gekko (Michael Douglas) oftentimes references it [38] The 20th James Bail motion-picture show, Die Another Day (2002) also references The Art of War every bit the spiritual guide shared by Colonel Moon and his father.[39] and in The Sopranos. In flavor 3, episode eight ("He Is Risen"), Dr. Melfi suggests to Tony Soprano that he read the book.[40] and the Star Trek: The Adjacent Generation first-season episode "The Terminal Outpost", William Riker quotes The Art of War to Captain Picard, who expressed pleasure that Sun Tzu was still taught at Starfleet University. Afterwards in the episode, a survivor from a long-dead nonhuman empire noted common aspects betwixt his own people's wisdom and The Art of War with regard to knowing when and when not to fight.[ citation needed ]

The Fine art of War is a 2000 activeness spy film directed past Christian Duguay and starring Wesley Snipes, Michael Biehn, Anne Archer and Donald Sutherland.[41]

Notable translations [edit]

  • Sun Tzu on the Fine art of War. Translated by Lionel Giles. London: Luzac and Company. 1910.
  • The Art of State of war. Translated past Samuel B. Griffith. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1963. ISBN978-0-19-501476-1. Part of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works.
  • Sunday Tzu, The Art of State of war. Translated by Thomas Cleary. Boston: Shambhala Dragon Editions. 1988. ISBN978-0877734529.
  • The Art of Warfare. Translated by Roger Ames. Random House. 1993. ISBN978-0-345-36239-ane. .
  • The Art of War. Translated by John Minford. New York: Viking. 2002. ISBN978-0-670-03156-6.
  • The Fine art of State of war: Sunzi's Armed forces Methods. Translated by Victor H. Mair. New York: Columbia University Press. 2007. ISBN978-0-231-13382-1.
  • The Art of War. Translated by Peter Harris. Everyman's Library. 2018. ISBN978-1101908006.
  • The Science of War: Sun Tzu's Art of War re-translated and re-considered. Translated by Christopher MacDonald. Hong Kong: Earnshaw Books. 2018. ISBN978-988-8422-69-2.
  • The Art of War. Translated by Michael Nylan. West.W. Norton & Visitor, Inc. 2020. ISBN9781324004899.

See also [edit]

Concepts [edit]

  • Armed forces treatise
  • Philosophy of war

Books [edit]

  • Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentaries on the Gallic War) by Julius Caesar
  • The Art of State of war by Niccolò Machiavelli
  • Arthashastra
  • The Book of Five Rings (Miyamoto Musashi)
  • Seven Military Classics
  • Dream Puddle Essays by Shen Kuo
  • Huolongjing by Liu Bowen
  • Hagakure by Yamamoto Tsunetomo
  • Epitoma rei militaris by Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus
  • Guerrilla Warfare by Che Guevara
  • On Protracted War past Mao Zedong
  • On War past Carl von Clausewitz
  • Records of the Grand Historian
  • The 33 Strategies of War
  • Thirty-Half dozen Stratagems
  • The Utility of Force by General Sir Rupert Smith
  • 7 Pillars of Wisdom by T. E. Lawrence
  • Bansenshukai
  • Infanterie Greift An past Erwin Rommel
  • History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides
  • The Jewish War by Josephus
  • The Scientific discipline of War machine Strategy
  • The Influence of Sea Ability upon History by Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ Smith (1999), p. 216.
  2. ^ Giles, Lionel The Art of War by Sun Tzu – Special Edition. Special Edition Books. 2007. p. 62.
  3. ^ Lewis (1999), p. 604.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 447.
  5. ^ Mair (2007), pp. 12–13.
  6. ^ Mair (2007), p. 9.
  7. ^ a b Mair (2007), p. 10.
  8. ^ a b Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 448.
  9. ^ a b c Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 449.
  10. ^ Mark Edward Lewis (2005), quoted in Mair (2007), p. 18.
  11. ^ Sunzi (2009). Shawn Conners (ed.). Sun-tzu ping fa [The art of war]. Translated by Lionel Giles (Classic ed.). El Paso, TX: El Paso Norte Press. ISBN978-1-934255-15-5. OCLC 433665014.
  12. ^ a b Griffith, Samuel B. The Illustrated Art of War. 2005. Oxford University Press. pp. 17, 141–43.
  13. ^ a b McCready, Douglas. Learning from Lord's day Tzu, Military Review, May–June 2003."Learning from Sun Tzu". Archived from the original on 2011-ten-11. Retrieved 2009-12-xix .
  14. ^ Interview with Dr. William Duiker, Conversation with Sonshi
  15. ^ Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2012). The Illustrated Fine art of State of war: Sunday Tzu. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B00B91XX8U
  16. ^ Army, U. S. (1985). Military History and Professional Development. U. S. Army Command and General Staff Higher, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Gainsay Studies Institute. 85-CSI-21 85.
  17. ^ "Letters".
  18. ^ "Department of Military Instruction Chore Opportunities | United states of america Military Academy West Bespeak". westpoint.edu . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
  19. ^ United States Military Posture for FY1989 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Function, 1989), 5–6, 93–94.
  20. ^ "Chinese Military Strategist Sun Tzu Reveals Secrets to Success | Leaderonomics".
  21. ^ Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The Country Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia – Past, Nowadays, and Hereafter. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5, affiliate Who was behind perestroika?
  22. ^ "Search Results | book of swindles | Columbia University Press". Columbia University Press.
  23. ^ Michaelson, Gerald. "Sun Tzu: The Art of War for Managers; 50 Strategic Rules." Avon, MA: Adams Media, 2001
  24. ^ McNeilly, Marking. "Sun Tzu and the Fine art of Business : Six Strategic Principles for Managers. New York:Oxford Academy Printing, 1996.
  25. ^ Krause, Donald One thousand. "The Art of War for Executives: Aboriginal Knowledge for Today'south Business organization Professional." New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 1995.
  26. ^ Kammerer, Peter. "The Fine art of Negotiation." Due south China Morning Postal service (April 21, 2006) p. 15
  27. ^ Jeffrey, D (2010). "A Teacher Diary Study to Apply Ancient Fine art of War Strategies to Professional person Evolution". The International Periodical of Learning. 7 (iii): 21–36.
  28. ^ Barnhizer, David. The Warrior Lawyer: Powerful Strategies for Winning Legal Battles Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Bridge Street Books, 1997.
  29. ^ Balch, Christopher D., "The Fine art of State of war and the Art of Trial Advancement: Is At that place Common Ground?" (1991), 42 Mercer L. Rev. 861–73
  30. ^ Beirne, Martin D. and Scott D. Marrs, The Art of War and Public Relations: Strategies for Successful Litigation
  31. ^ Pribetic, Antonin I., "The Trial Warrior: Applying Sun Tzu's The Fine art of War to Trial Advocacy" April 21, 2007
  32. ^ Solomon, Samuel H., "The Art of State of war: Pursuing Electronic Bear witness equally Your Corporate Opportunity"
  33. ^ "The 48 Laws of Power past Robert Greene". Penguin Random House Canada . Retrieved 2020-10-27 .
  34. ^ Lauletta, Tyler. "Bill Belichick explains how advice from Sun Tzu's 'The Art of War' helped build the Patriots dynasty". Business organization Insider . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
  35. ^ "Put crafty Belichick's patriot games downwardly to the fine fine art of war". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2005-02-04. Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
  36. ^ July 2011, Celso de Campos Jr 01 (July 2011). "Luiz Felipe Scolari: Ane-on-I". fourfourtwo.com . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
  37. ^ Winter, Henry (June 29, 2006). "Heed games reach new high as Scolari studies art of war". Irish Independent.
  38. ^ "Bud Trick: Sun-tzu: If your enemy is superior, evade him. If angry, irritate him. If as matched, fight, and if not split and reevaluate". www.quotes.net . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
  39. ^ Die Another Day (2002) - IMDb , retrieved 2020-06-05
  40. ^ Globe, Boston. "Hey, if Tony's reading it, it's got to be expert". baltimoresun.com . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
  41. ^ "The Fine art of War (2000) - IMDb". IMDb.

Sources [edit]

  • Gawlikowski, Krzysztof; Loewe, Michael (1993). "Sun tzu ping fa 孫子兵法". In Loewe, Michael (ed.). Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley, CA: Society for the Report of Early Prc; Found of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. pp. 446–55. ISBN978-1-55729-043-4.
  • Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. Warfare and History. London: Routledge. ISBN978-0415239554.
  • Griffith, Samuel (2005). Dominicus Tzu: The Illustrated Art of War. New York: Oxford Academy Printing. ISBN978-0195189995.
  • Lewis, Mark Edward (1999). "Warring States Political History". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward (eds.). The Cambridge History of Ancient Communist china. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 587–650. ISBN978-0-521-47030-8.
  • Mair, Victor H. (2007). The Art of State of war: Sunday Zi'due south Military Methods. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-13382-1.
  • Smith, Kidder (1999). "The Military Texts: The Sunzi". In de Bary, Wm. Theodore (ed.). Sources of Chinese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600, Volume 1 (second ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 213–24. ISBN978-0-231-10938-3.
  • Yuen, Derek M. C. (2014). Deciphering Sun Tzu: How to Read 'The Fine art of War' . Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0199373512.
  • Вєдєнєєв, Д. В.; Гавриленко, О. А.; Кубіцький, С. О. (2017). Остроухова, В. В. (ed.). Еволюція воєнного мистецтва: у 2 ч.

External links [edit]

  • The Art of State of war at Standard Ebooks
  • The Art of State of war Chinese-English language bilingual edition, Chinese Text Project
  • The Art of War at Project Gutenberg translated past Lionel Giles (1910)
  • The Art of War at Project Gutenberg translated (with Chinese text) by Lionel Giles (1910)
  • The Volume of War at Project Gutenberg translated by E.F. Calthrop (1908)
  • The Art of War public domain audiobook at LibriVox (English and Chinese original available)
  • Sun Tzu'south Art of War at Sonshi (archive.today) Alternative link
  • Sunday Tzu and Information Warfare at the Institute for National Strategic Studies of National Defense Academy
  • xi The Ix Situations | The Art of War by Sun Tzu (Blithe)
  • The Art of War illustrated version, on Theoriq.com

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War

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